.net pdf 417

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THE TERM DIODE MEANS TWO ELEMENTS. IN THE EARLY YEARS OF ELECtronics and radio, most diodes were vacuum tubes. The cathode element emitted electrons, and the anode picked up electrons. Thus, current would flow as electrons through the tube from the cathode to the anode, but not the other way. Tubes had filaments to drive electrons from their cathodes. The filaments were heated via a low ac voltage, but the cathodes and anodes usually wielded hundreds or even thousands of dc volts. Today, you ll still hear about diodes, anodes, and cathodes. But rather than large, heavy, hot, high-voltage tubes, diodes are tiny things made from silicon or other semiconducting materials. Some diodes can handle voltages nearly as great as their tube counterparts. Semiconductor diodes can do just about everything that tube diodes could, plus a few things that people in the tube era probably never imagined.

Capacitors Alone The simplest power-supply filter consists of one or more large-value capacitors, connected in parallel with the rectifier output (Fig 21-4) A good component for this purpose is known as an electrolytic capacitor This type of capacitor is polarized, meaning that it must be connected in the correct direction in the circuit Each capacitor is also rated for a certain maximum voltage Pay attention to these ratings if you ever work with electrolytic capacitors! Filter capacitors work by trying to maintain the dc voltage at its peak level, as shown in Fig 21-5 This is easier to do with the output of a full-wave rectifier (drawing A) than with the output of a half-wave rectifier (drawing B) With a full-wave rectifier receiving a 60-Hz ac electrical input, the ripple frequency is 120 Hz, but with a half-wave rectifier it is 60 Hz.

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The hallmark of a rectifier diode is that it passes current in only one direction. This makes it useful for changing ac to dc. Generally speaking, when the cathode is negative with respect to the anode, current flows; when the cathode is positive relative to the anode, there is no current. The constraints on this behavior are the forward breakover and avalanche voltages, as you learned about in the last chapter. Suppose a 60-Hz ac sine wave is applied to the input of the circuit in Fig. 20-1A. During half the cycle, the diode conducts, and during the other half, it doesn t. This cuts off half of every cycle. Depending on which way the diode is hooked up, either the positive half or the negative half of the ac cycle will be removed. Figure 20-1B shows the output of the circuit at A. Remember that electrons flow from negative to positive, against the arrow in the diode symbol. The circuit and wave diagram of Fig. 20-1 show a half-wave rectifier circuit. This 370

please make your way to the exit. Shoppers begin to make their way to the doors, but some wander from store to store, window-shopping along the way, whereas others take a relatively straight route to the exit. The result is that some shoppers take longer than others to exit the mall because there are different modes. Now consider a mall that has a single, very narrow corridor that is only as wide as a person s shoulders. Now when the announcement comes, everyone heads for the exit, but they must form a single-file line and head out in an orderly fashion. If you understand the difference between these two examples, you understand single- versus multimode fiber. The first example represents multimode; the second represents single mode.

The filter capacitors are thus recharged twice as often with a full-wave rectifier, as compared with a half-wave rectifier This is why full-wave rectifier circuits produce more pure dc than half-wave rectifier circuits Capacitors and Chokes Another way to smooth out the dc from a rectifier is to place a large-value inductor in series with the output, and a large-value capacitor in parallel The inductor is called a filter choke In a filter that uses a capacitor and an inductor, the capacitor can be placed on the rectifier side of the choke This is a capacitor-input filter (Fig 21-6A) If the filter choke is placed on the rectifier side of the capacitor, the circuit is a choke-input filter (Fig 21-6B) Capacitor-input filtering can be used when a power supply is not required to deliver much current.

is the simplest possible rectifier. That s its chief advantage over other, more complicated rectifier circuits. You ll learn about the different types of rectifier diodes and circuits in the next chapter.

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